Persistence of Vision (POV) Wands are a fun way to create interesting long exposure photographs and light displays. The wand consists of a single row of LEDs controlled by an Arduino Uno. When the wand is turned on it appears to be flickering in a random pattern, but if you move it quickly back and forth, you will see text or an image appear. This wand project is incredibly customizable, I've included all CAD files, firmware, build documentation, and schematics. Feel free to choose your own color LEDs, write personalized messages, and maybe even add something new to the project!

Parts list:

(1x) Arduino Uno REV 3 Radioshack #276-128
(20x) Amber Super-bright LED Indicator Radioshack #55050630
(1x) Arduino Proto Shield Radioshack #276-140
(1x) 9V Alkaline Battery Radioshack #23-866
(1x) Heavy-Duty 9V Snap Connectors Radioshack #270-324
(20x) 1/4 watt resistors (sample calculation below)

      from the specs of the LEDs I used:
      "Continuous forward current: 25mA"
      "Forward voltage: 3V"

      using the following relationship:
      V(volts) = I(amps) * R(ohms)
      rearranged to:
      R = V / I

      we can calculate the resistance as follows:
      voltage across resistor = 5V - 3V = 2V
      2V / 0.025A = 80ohms

      I used 100 ohm resistors so that the LEDs wouldn't be operating at their maximum ratings. Check the datasheet of the LEDs you use to calculate these values.

I've attaching a fritzing document with a breadboard and schematic view of the circuit (and included them above) for reference.

pov wand.fz
Download

Step 1: Build a Support for Your Wand

The first thing you'll want to do is make a mount for your project. I laser cut a piece of acrylic into a wand shape, but you could use a piece of plywood, cardboard, or plastic. I've attached the adobe illustrator and eps files of the wand and correct hole 0.1" hole spacing for the LEDs and resistors; even if you don't have a laser cutter, these files still might be useful to print out as a template. Drill out the holes with a drill and a small drill bit. The rectangular holes at the bottom of the wand will be used for mounting a 9 volt battery.

Step 2: Add Resistors

Thread the leads of all 20 resistors through their holes on the wand mount.

Step 3: Solder Resistors

Each resistor is connected to an LED on one side and ground on the other. Bend one of the leads of each resistor so that they are touching each other and solder them all together in a row. Clip the excess metal from the leads. Leave the last lead unclipped so that it can be attached to a wire later.

Step 4: Add Header Pins to Protoboard

Solder header pins to the pins connections on the arduino protoboard. Make sure you are soldering them on the correct side! For best results I recommend soldering the first and last pins first (as in figure 3), then check to see if the pins are straight and flat on the board (figure 4). If they need to be adjusted it will be much easier with only two pins soldered down. Once everything is lined up, solder the middle pins (figure 5).

Step 5: Attach Toggle Switch

Solder the toggle switch onto the middle of the arduino proto-shield as shown in the images above. Solder a jumper wire between the side lead of the switch and the Vin pin on the proto-shield.

Step 6: Attach Battery Connections

Solder the red lead of the battery connector to the middle pin of the switch. Solder the black lead of the battery connector to the ground pin of the protoshield.

Step 7: Wire Up LEDs

Attach wires to each of the LEDs on the wand. As you solder each connection, clip the excess lead off the end of the LED (figure 3).

Step 8: Connect LEDs to Arduino Shield

Strip the ends of each of the LED wires and connect to the pins of the arduino proto-shield. Be sure to follow the pin connections below correctly, I've also attached the breadboard diagram from fritzing (figure 3), the left-most LED is the top of the wand and the right is the bottom. In the schematic (figure 4) the left most LED is the bottom and and right most is the top. You can find the fritzing file below.

Pin connections:

Top of wand
1                       Digital Pin 13
2                       Digital Pin 12
3                       Digital Pin 11
4                       Digital Pin 10
5                       Digital Pin 9
6                       Digital Pin 8
7                       Digital Pin 7
8                       Digital Pin 6
9                       Digital Pin 5
10                     Digital Pin 4
11                     Digital Pin 3
12                     Digital Pin 2
13                     Digital Pin 1
14                     Digital Pin 0
15                     Analog Pin 5
16                     Analog Pin 4
17                     Analog Pin 3
18                     Analog Pin 2
19                     Analog Pin 1
20                     Analog Pin 0
Bottom of wand

Step 9: Connect to Ground

Strip both ends of a (preferably black) wire and connect the unclipped resistor lead to a ground (gnd) pin on the arduino shield.

Step 10: Upload Firmware

Download the POV wand firmware below and upload it onto your arduino board. If you have trouble uploading be sure that nothing is connected to digital pins 0 and 1 and that you have selected the correct board and serial port under the Arduino/Tools menu.

This code stores a set of binary arrays onto the arduino that generate each letter in the alphabet. When the arduino reads the message you would like to display it compares each letter to one of its stored letters and then outputs the stored array column by column. You will insert your own message into the arduino firmware in a later step.

//POV Wand Arduino code
//by Amanda Ghassaei
//instructables.com/amandaghassaei
//April 2012

//for use with arduino uno or duemilanove with atmel328


/*
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
*/

//in most of this code I have used the arduino portpin assignments to send data to pins, you can read more about how that works here: http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/PortManipulation
//I've also included (and commented) the standard arduino library commands that perform the same functions and the port commands in case you are interested


#include <avr/pgmspace.h>//need to store letter arrays in flash memory- or else we run out of space, more info here: http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PROGMEM


/*******************************************************************************
THIS NEXT SECTION IS WHAT YOU'LL WANT TO EDIT TO CREATE YOUR OWN MESSAGES
*******************************************************************************/
// setup
String povtext = "POV";//PUT YOUR MESSAGE HERE!!- must be in all caps, spaces are fine, no punctuation
byte refreshrate = 1;//delay time for pixels to refresh in milliseconds- experiment with different values



 //get length of string povtext
int dimtext = povtext.length();

//letterArray to make sure firmare is loaded correctly- each led should light up in order upon turning on
boolean load[]= {
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
};


//incoming data storage
byte data1 = 0;//for portB
byte data2 = 0;//for portC
byte data3 = 0;//for portD

//variables
byte n; //variable for loops
byte t; //variable for loops
byte l; //variable for loops



//The letters of the alphabet- edit the look of these if you want, just make sure the letters m and w are 15 pixels wide and the rest are 12 pixels
boolean letterA[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterB[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterC[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
};

boolean letterD[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterE[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterF[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterG[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterH[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterI[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterJ[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterK[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterL[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterM[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterN[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterO[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterP[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterQ[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterR[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterS[] PROGMEM = {
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
};

boolean letterT[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterU[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterV[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterW[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterX[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

boolean letterY[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
};

boolean letterZ[] PROGMEM = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
};

  void sendToWand(boolean letterArray[]){//function to get array data
    
  for (t=0; t<12; t++){ //for each time step

  for (l=0; l<6; l++){ //for first six rows of data
    data1 = data1 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data1 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*12+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (l=6; l<14; l++){ //for next eight rows of data
    data2 = data2 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data2 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*12+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (l=14; l<20; l++){ //for next six rows of data
    data3 = data3 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data3 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*12+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  //SET PINS:
  PORTB = data1;
  PORTD = data2;
  PORTC = data3;
  delay(refreshrate);
  //clear data storage
  data1=0;
  data2=0;
  data3=0;
  }
  }
  
  void sendToWandMW(boolean letterArray[]){//M and W are extra wide- they have a special function to get array data (with 15 time steps instead of 12)
    
  //send data to leds via port/pin manipulation
  for (t=0; t<15; t++){ //for each time step

  for (l=0; l<6; l++){ //for first six rows of data
    data1 = data1 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data1 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*15+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (l=6; l<14; l++){ //for next eight rows of data
    data2 = data2 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data2 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*15+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (l=14; l<20; l++){ //for next six rows of data
    data3 = data3 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data3 |= pgm_read_byte_near(letterArray + (l*15+t));//add next value from dataset
  }
  //SET PINS:
  PORTB = data1;
  PORTD = data2;
  PORTC = data3;
  delay(refreshrate);
  //clear data storage
  data1=0;
  data2=0;
  data3=0;
  }
  }
  
  
  
  // //SAME AS ABOVE BUT WRITTEN USING ARDUINO LIBRARY COMMANDS:
// 
//// for (t=0; t<12; t++){ //for each time step of matrix
//// 
//// for (int pin= 13; pin>=0; pin--) {//this loop sets digital pins 0-13 either high or low depending on the value of the corresponding matrix element
////   if (letterArray[(13-pin)*12+t]) {//if matrix element == 1 then turn led on
////     digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
////   }
////   else {//if matrix element == 0 then turn led off
////     digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
////   }
//// }
//// 
//// //the following lines address the analog pins indivially and set them either high or low depending on matrix element
//// if (letterArray[14*12+t]) {//if matrix element == 1 then turn led on
////   digitalWrite(A5, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {//if matrix element == 0 then turn led off
////   digitalWrite(A5, LOW);
//// }
//// if (letterArray[15*12+t]) {
////   digitalWrite(A4, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {
////   digitalWrite(A4, LOW);
//// }
//// if (letterArray[16*12+t]) {
////   digitalWrite(A3, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {
////   digitalWrite(A3, LOW);
//// }
//// if (letterArray[17*12+t]) {
////   digitalWrite(A2, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {
////   digitalWrite(A2, LOW);
//// } 
//// if (letterArray[18*12+t]) {
////   digitalWrite(A1, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {
////   digitalWrite(A1, LOW);
//// }
//// if (letterArray[19*12+t]) {
////   digitalWrite(A0, HIGH);
//// }
//// else {
////   digitalWrite(A0, LOW);
//// }
////
////
//// delay(refreshrate);//delay after each column of data is displayed
//// }//go to next time step
  
 




void setup() {
  
  

 //port/pin assignments- set all pins to output- more info here: http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/PortManipulation
  DDRB = 0xFF;//port b- digital pins 8-13
  DDRC = 0xFF;//port c- anlog pins 0-5
  DDRD = 0xFF;//port d- digital pins 0-7
  
//the three lines above are the same as setting all pins as outputs using arduino library:
//  pinMode(A0, OUTPUT);
//  pinMode(A1, OUTPUT);
//  pinMode(A2, OUTPUT);
//  pinMode(A3, OUTPUT);
//  pinMode(A4, OUTPUT);
//  pinMode(A5, OUTPUT);
//  
//  for (int pin=0; pin<14; pin++){
//    pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);
//  }
  
  
   
 //run intialization so we know device is working- leds should light up in order from top of wand to bottom
 for (byte j=0; j<20; j++){ //for each time step

  for (byte i=0; i<6; i++){ //for first six rows of data
    data1 = data1 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data1 |= load[(i*20+j)];//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (byte i=6; i<14; i++){ //for next eight rows of data
    data2 = data2 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data2 |= load[(i*20+j)];//add next value from dataset
  }
  for (byte i=14; i<20; i++){ //for next six rows of data
    data3 = data3 << 1;//bitwise shift left
    data3 |= load[(i*20+j)];//add next value from dataset
  }
  PORTB = data1;
  PORTD = data2;
  PORTC = data3;
  delay(100);
  
 }

////SAME AS ABOVE LOOP, BUT USING ARDUINO LIBRARY:
// //turn on each LED one by one using arduino library commands
//  for (int pin= 13; pin>=0; pin--){//turn on each digital pin sequentially for 100ms
//    digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
//    delay(100);
//    digitalWrite(pin,LOW);
//  }
//  //the following lines turn on each analog pin individually
//  digitalWrite(A5, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A5,LOW);
//  digitalWrite(A4, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A4,LOW);
//  digitalWrite(A3, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A3,LOW);
//  digitalWrite(A2, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A2,LOW);
//  digitalWrite(A1, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A1,LOW);
//  digitalWrite(A0, HIGH);
//  delay(100);
//  digitalWrite(A0,LOW);


 //clear data storage
 data1 = 0;
 data2 = 0;
 data3 = 0;
 //clear ports- set all arduino pins to 0Volts
 PORTB = data1;
 PORTD = data2;
 PORTC = data3;
 


}

void loop() {
  
  //space at beginning of text
   PORTB = 0;
   PORTD = 0;
   PORTC = 0;
   delay(refreshrate*3);
  
  for (n=0; n<dimtext; n++) {//go through each character of povtext and call function sendToWand to display letter
    if (povtext.charAt(n)=='A') {
      sendToWand(letterA);
      }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='B') {
      sendToWand(letterB);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='C') {
      sendToWand(letterC);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='D') {
      sendToWand(letterD);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='E') {
      sendToWand(letterE);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='F') {
      sendToWand(letterF);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='G') {
      sendToWand(letterG);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='H') {
      sendToWand(letterH);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='I') {
      sendToWand(letterI);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='J') {
      sendToWand(letterJ);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='K') {
      sendToWand(letterK);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='L') {
      sendToWand(letterL);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='M') {
      sendToWandMW(letterM);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='N') {
      sendToWand(letterN);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='O') {
      sendToWand(letterO);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='P') {
      sendToWand(letterP);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='Q') {
      sendToWand(letterQ);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='R') {
      sendToWand(letterR);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='S') {
      sendToWand(letterS);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='T') {
      sendToWand(letterT);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='U') {
      sendToWand(letterU);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='V') {
      sendToWand(letterV);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='W') {
      sendToWandMW(letterW);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='X') {
      sendToWand(letterX);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='Y') {
      sendToWand(letterY);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)=='Z') {
      sendToWand(letterZ);
    }
    else if (povtext.charAt(n)==' ') {
      PORTB = 0;
      PORTD = 0;
      PORTC = 0;
   delay(refreshrate*3);//off for 3 pixels
    }
    //space between each character
    PORTB = 0;
    PORTD = 0;
    PORTC = 0;
   delay(refreshrate);
  }
  
  //space at end of text
   PORTB = 0;
   PORTD = 0;
   PORTC = 0;
   delay(refreshrate*3);
 
 
 
}

POV_wand.pde
Download

Step 11: Attach Battery and Arduino Board

Use zip ties to secure battery and arduino to wand mount. Flip switch to power on and off. You should read the words HELLO WORLD on startup.

Step 12: Create Your Own Messages

Figure one shows the line of text you will need to edit to create your own messages. Replace the worlds HELLO WORLD with any message in all caps with no punctuation. You can create your own characters and images by generating matrices of 1s and 0s, follow the example given in figure 2, the letter J.

Introduction: Persistence of Vision Wand

Attachments